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Desk research sample: Water treatment in Russia 

1.1. Enveronmental regulation in Russia

THE FEDERAL LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION http://www.consultant.ru/popular/okrsred/

It is accepted by the State Duma on December, 20th, 2001
It is approved by the Federation Council on December, 26th, 2001 (in edition Federal laws from 22.08.2004 N 122-FZ, From 29.12.2004 N 199-FZ, from 09.05.2005 N 45-FZ, From 31.12.2005 N 199-FZ, from 18.12.2006 N 232-FZ, From 05.02.2007 N 13-FZ, from 26.06.2007 N 118-FZ, Last edition from 24.06.2008 N 93-FZ, from 14.07.2008 N 118-FZ).

The law is developed on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and regulates relations in sphere of interaction of a society and the nature, arising at realization of economic and other activity within territory of the Russian Federation and an exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation

CONTENT
Chapter I. General regulations
Chapter II. Bases of management in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter III. The rights and duties of citizens, public and other noncommercial associations in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter IV. Economic regulation in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter V. Rationing in the field of preservation of the environment. Rationing in the field of preservation of the environment consists in an establishment of specifications of quality of environment, specifications of admissible influence on environment at realization of economic and other activity, other specifications in the field of preservation of the environment, and also state standards and other standard documents in the field of preservation of the environment.
       Article 21. Specifications of quality of environment 
       Article 29. State standards and other standard documents in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter VI. An influence estimation on environment and ecological examination
Chapter VII. Requirements in the field of preservation of the environment at realization of economic and other activity
Chapter VIII. Zones of ecological disaster, zones of extreme situations
Chapter IX. The natural objects which are under special preservation
Chapter X. The state monitoring of environment (the state ecological monitoring)
Chapter ÕI. The control in the field of preservation of the environment (the ecological control)
Chapter XII. Scientific research in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter XIII. Bases of formation of ecological culture
Chapter XIV. The liability of infringement of the legislation in the field of preservation of the environment and the resolution of disputes in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter XV. The international cooperation in the field of preservation of the environment
Chapter XVI. Final regulations

THE FEDERAL LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION http://www.consultant.ru/popular/okrsred/

  • 2874-82 Water drinking. Hygienic requirements and the control over quality. According to this document the general hardness of potable water should not exceed 7,0 mol/m3. http://www.gosthelp.ru/phpBB3/index.php?showtopic=162  
  • 4151-72 Drinking water. Method for determination of total hardness content http://cert.obninsk.ru/gost/1373/1373.html  
  • Ð 51232-98 Water drinking. The general requirements to the organization and a quality monitoring 
  • 17.104-80 Classification of underground waters by purposes of water use 
  • 24902-81 Water of economic-drinking purpose. The general requirements to field methods of the analysis. 
  • 27064-86. Quality of waters. Terms and definitions. 
  • Building norms and rules (SNiP) 2.04.01-85 Internal plumbing and sanitary of buildings 
  • Building norms and rules (SNiP) 3.05.01-85 Internal sanitary-engineering systems 
  • Building norms and rules (SNiP) 3.05.04-85 External networks and water supply and water drain constructions 
  • Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 2.1.4.559-96 "Potable water. Hygienic requirements to quality of water of thecentralized systems of drinking water supply. Quality control» 
  •  Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 4630-88 «Maximum concentration limit and approximate safe level of influence of harmful substances in water of water objects of economic-drinking and cultural and community water use» 
  •  Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 2.2.1. / 2.1.1.984-00 Sanitary - protective zones and sanitary classification of the enterprises, constructions and objects. http://www.tehno.com/product.phtml?uid=B00120039747  

1.2. Water softening regulation

There is no data on regulations on water treating from calcium and magnesium and other salts in Russian Internet. There are only some instructions about softening and chemical water purification should be made according to the project or recommendations of starting-up and adjustment organization. That is defined by Point 5.4.3. of the document named Rules and norms of technical operation of available housing (Approved by the ORDER of GOSSTROY of the Russian Federation FROM 26.12.1997 N 17-139) (From amendment to 02.08.2002 N 94). The document on a condition to March, 12th, 2007 http://www.gvir.ru/lawbuild/knig9/page7.htm  

Norms and standards applied to the whole, but have recommendatory character and allows to change them. So we find the information that in some regions Russian Federations norms of hardness of potable water had been changed: «It is changed the norm on the indicator of «the general hardness of water» in according to the decision of the main state health officer of the Perm Krai «About temporary change of hygienic norms of potable water quality». For Chusovsky treatment facilities maximum permissible level is raised with 7 to 10,0 mg-ekv/l. This specification will operate since October, 1st, 2008 prior to the beginning of a spring flood in 2009 which usually begins in Perm in the end of April. Such increase of border of the norms is supposed by Sanitary rules and norms and that it does not represent risk for health. The water, arriving to consumers from the Bolshekamsky water intake, has low indicators of hardness - from 1 to 5 units - within all year. For Chusovsky treatment facilities hardness of water has seasonal fluctuations from 1 to 10 units, and sometimes and more». http://www.fedpress.ru/federal/socium/society/id_119672.html

1.3. Movement of regulation against environment

In RF there are two groups of standard documents regulating the requirements to treatment facilities. The first group consists of building norms — state standard specifications (SNiP). They define, how it is necessary to project and build treatment facilities. The second group consist of the documents containing sanitary-and-hygienic norms and the requirements to water outlet — Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin). The control is carried out in according to these normative documents. The main normative document, which is guided at building of treatment facilities is state standard specifications (SNiP) 2.04.03-85 “Water carriage. External networks and constructions». In particular, this document establishes very important parameter — the size of a sanitary-protective zone, that is is minimum admissible distance from treatment facilities to a housing estate. As this state standard specifications was not reconsidered since 1985, in operating standards there is «a white spot» for local treatment facilities of small productivity.

Other basic document of federal value is state standard specifications (SNiP) 2.04.01-85 "Internal plumbing and sanitary of buildings». There are given, besides computation procedures and rules of building of networks of the water carriage in buildings, norms of the water consumption for various consumers are. It is the most important parameter at calculation of necessary productivity of treatment facilities.

By these requirements «providing prevention and elimination of pollution of superficial waters which can lead to infringement of population health, to mass infectious, parasitic and non infection diseases, and also to deterioration of conditions of population water consumptions».

They define norms of quality of water of water objects and, accordingly, water outlets. Requirements to quality of not centralized water supply — wells and spring capitations— are stated in Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin 2.1.4.544-96 "Potable water. Hygienic requirements to quality of water of the centralized systems of drinking water supply. Quality control» http://www.tehno.com/product.phtml?uid=B00120039747)

"Requirements to water quality of not centralized water supply. Sanitary protection of sources» from section «Potable water and water supply of settlements». There are in these sanitary represent rules hygienic requirements to quality of water of sources of not centralized water supply, to the choice of location, the equipment and the water intaking constructions and territory adjoining to them. Responsibility for their observance is assigned on «local self-government institutions, the collective or individual owners which activity can lead to change of properties and qualities of water of not centralised water supply sources».

In certain regions there are methodical recommendations on the water consumption order and water removal. In the Moscow area it is territorially-building norms of systems of water supply and water outlet of areas inhabited low-rise buildings of Moscow area - Territorial Building Norms (TSN ÂèÂ-97 ÌÎ, ÒÑÍ 40-301-97).

This document is a little more actual, than specified state standard specifications (SNiP), and contains more detailed information on local treatment facilities of small productivity. Below is some important excerpts. http://www.ecovod.ru/Normativi.htm

«These territorial building norms establish the general order of designing, building and reconstruction of systems of economic-drinking water supply and household water outlet in areas of a low-rise housing development of the Moscow area, manufacture and installation of process unit of potable and waste water. Objects of a low-rise housing estate are the next:
• Individual houses and farms, personal part-time farms;
• Separately standing 3-4-storey buildings, group of cottages;
• Settlements with number of inhabitants to 5000 (including cottage and country).

As to sanitary-and-hygienic and ecological norms it is necessary to note: for today there is a mass of documents which partially contradict each other. In particular, it concerns definitions of sanitary-protective zones for treatment facilities of small productivity. The basic document by which supervising controlling units and founders of treatment facilities are guided, is Sanitary rules and norms – SanPin 2.1.5.980-00 "Hygienic requirements to protection of superficial waters» from section «Water outlets. Water outlets of settlements, sanitary protection of water objects», accepted in 2000. All hygienic both ecological conclusions and certificates stand out on its basis. This document establishes hygienic requirements «to placing, designing, building, reconstruction and operation of the economic and other objects, capable to influence a condition of superficial waters, and also requirements to the organization of the control over water quality of water objects».

These documents establish requirements to composition and properties of water of water objects in control ranges and places of potable, household water use and recreational water consumption. http://www.ecovod.ru/Normativi.htm Potable water disinfection is a complex of the measures undertaken for the purpose of water treating from microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, cysts etc.). Existing methods of disinfection of potable water subdivide on reagent, non reagent and combined. Reagent methods of water disinfecting: Chlorination of water, Ozonization of water, Water silvering (processing of water by silver ions, oligodynamic) - silver water, bromination and iodination of water.

Non reagent methods of water disinfecting: Ultra-violet disinfecting of water; Ultrasonic processing of water. There are two ways of disinfecting or two disinfectants in the combined methods of disinfection of water. One of which is capable to keep the activity in water for a long time. http://www.superfilter.ru/index.php?Page=disinfection

Disinfection (disinfecting) of potable water is carried out by dosing of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and chloride. The necessary dose is established by trial chlorination of water: it is defined water chlorine absorbability. For the purpose of destruction of microbes chlorine enter surplus so that through 30 mines after chlorination of water the content of residual chlorine was not less than 0,3 mg/l. In some cases it is carried out the double chlorination of water – before filtration and after water purification. The content free residual chlorine in potable water is regulated by Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 2.1.4.1074-01 "Potable water. Hygienic requirements to water quality of the centralized systems of potable water supply. Quality control" (the content of free residual chlorine in water is 0,3 – 0,5 mg/l) and Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 2.1.4.1116 – 02 «Potable water. Hygienic requirements to water quality packaged in containers. Quality control» (the content of free residual chlorine in water no more than 0,05 mg/l). A limiting indicator of substance harm on which the norm is established is – organoleptic properties. http://www.superfilter.ru/index.php?Page=hlor_water  

1.4. Movement of regulation against environment

The basic document regulated composition and conditions of sewage disposal is Sanitary rules and norms (San Pin) 2.1.5.980-00 Hygienic requirements to protection of superficial waters http://www.peac.ru/load/5-1-0-65.

The water composition of water objects should conform to the requirements specified in the Attachment 1. The content of chemical substances should not exceed maximum concentration limit (MPS) and approximate safe level (ASL) of substances in water of the water objects, approved by the Hygienic Norms (GN) 2.1.5.1315-03 http://www.dioxin.ru/doc/gn; (GN) 2.1.5.2307-07; http://www.tur.rus75.ru/inf/gn230707.htm.

Sewage (industrial, economic - household, superficial, flood run-off and etc.) with substances (or products of their transformation) for which hygienic MPS or ASL are not established, and also there are not their definition methods, it is forbidden to dump them in water objects. According to San Pin 2.1.5.980-00 (the Attachment 1, point 7) the mineralization of water by chlorides should not exceed 350 mg/l.

 

2.1. Degree of hard water

Hardness of water defined by «… a property of water due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions». – State Standard 27065-86. Quality of waters. Terms and definitions http://www.dbases.ru/cgi-bin/catalog/catalog.cgi?i=38949  

«The general hardness of potable water should not exceed 7,0 mol/m3 (meq/l or meq/dm3)». – State Standard 2874-82. http://cert.obninsk.ru/gost/788/788.html 

For your convenience in the future we will use American degrees: 1 Am0 (or 1ppm) is equal to 0,01998 mol/m3 (meq/l or meq/dm3). Data-computing center of Moscow Energetic Institute (technical university): http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MCS/Worksheets/Water/Hardness-Degree.xmcd  

So, the general hardness of potable water should not exceed 350 ppm (in some cases depends on a region – 500 ppm). Directory «Hydrochemical indicators of the environment»: http://www.ecoline.ru/mc/refbooks/hydrochem/ch3.html#3.11  

Hardness of water varies widely and there are many types of classifications of water on the degree of its hardness. The following table shows a traditional in Russia example of classification:
soft water: less than 4 mg-eq/dm3 (less than 200 ppm)
average hardness of water: 4 - 8 mg-eq/dm3 (200 - 400 ppm)
hard water: 8 - 12 mg-eq/dm3 (400 - 600 ppm)
very hard water: more than 12 mg-eq/dm3 (more than 400 ppm)

Directory «Hydrochemical indicators of the environment»: http://www.ecoline.ru/mc/refbooks/hydrochem/ch3.html#3.11

Hardness of water varies in different regions, parts of regions, and even cities of Russia. There is no exact data on hardness of water in each region of RF in the Russian Internet. That is why we present four types of water hardness in the map of the RF (next slide). In some regions the data on the hardness of water is presented in figures.


3.1. Criteria of the quality of municipal water

In many cases, water moves in apartments after a preliminary filtration by municipal services. Such water should conform to requirements of San Pin 2.1.4.559-96. Probably, at stations of water purification they refine water to this norm. However, on the way to the end user on the worn out pipes, it is sated «not clearly content». http://www.aquasystems.md/readarticle.php?id=68  

Mostly centralized water softening and purifying does not exist at an input in an apartment house strut. The decision on water treating, softening or mineralization make by consumer or owner of elite real estate and installing the treatment water facilities in the apartment/entrance/house (depends of the water analysis results made by independent certificated laboratory, which gives out recommendations). http://www.aquasystems.md/readarticle.php?id=62:
Purifying water conformed to the criteria of municipal water quality are accumulated in reservoir of potable water (6). The withdrawal of water for control to requirements is made from water-gauge cocks in household (Sanitary rules and norms (SanPin) 2.1.4.559-96 "Potable water. Hygienic requirements to quality of water of the centralized systems of drinking water supply. Quality control»).

 3.2. Criteria of the quality of potable water

Extracts from: Sanitary rules and norms (San Pin) 2.1.4.559-96 "Potable water. Hygienic requirements to quality of water of the centralized systems of drinking water supply. Quality control» http://www.snip-info.ru/Sanpin_2_1_4_559-96.htm 4.3. Safety of potable water in the epidemic aspect is defined by its conformity to specifications on microbiological and parasitological indicators presented in the next table:

Table 1

Notes:
1)At definition they carry out the triple research on 100 ml of the selected water sample.
2)The norm excess is not permitted in 95 % of the samples selected in points of water pumping of an external and internal water-supply pipeline network within 12 months, at quantity of investigated samples no less than 100 for a year.
3)Definition is spent only in systems of water supply from superficial sources before water delivery to a distributive network.
4)Definition is spent at an estimation of efficiency of technology of processing of water.

4.4. Harmlessness of potable water on a chemical composition is defined by its conformity to specifications on: 
     4.4.1. To the generalized indicators and the content of the harmful chemical substances most often meeting in natural waters on territory of the Russian Federation, and also of the global spreading substances of anthropogenesis origin (Table 2):

Table 2

 

Notes:
1) The Limiting characteristic of substance harm on which the norm established is: "s.-t." (Sanitary-toxicological), "org." (organoleptic).
2) The quantity specified in brackets, can be established under the decree of the head state health doctor on appropriate territory for concrete system of water supply on the base of estimation of an of sanitary-and-epidemiologic conditions in settlement and applied technology of water preparation.
3) Norms are accepted according to recommendations of World Health Organization.

     4.4.2. The content of the harmful chemical substances arriving and formed in water in the course of its processing in system of water supply (Table 3):

Table 3

 

Notes:
1)At water disinfecting by free chlorine time of its contact to water should make not less than 30 minutes, the connected chlorine (not less than 60 minutes. The control over the content of residual chlorine is made before water delivery in a distributive network. At simultaneous presence at water of the free and connected chlorine their general concentration should not exceed 1, 2 mg/l. On occasion in coordination with the Gossanepidnadzor centre the raised concentration of chlorine in potable water can be admitted.
2)The norm is accepted according to recommendations the WHO.
3)The control over the content of residual ozone is made after the mixing chamber at maintenance of contact time not less than 12 minutes.

     4.4.3. The content of the harmful chemical substances arriving in sources of water supply because of economic activities of people (the Attachment 2).
4.5. Favorable organoleptic properties of water are defined by its conformity to the norms specified in table 4, and to norms of the content of the substances influencing on organoleptic of properties of water, presented in tables 2 and 3 and in the Attachment 2.

 Table 4

 

The note:
The quantity specified in brackets, can be established under the decree of the head state health doctor on appropriate territory for concrete system of water supply on the estimation base of sanitary-and-epidemiologic conditions in settlement and applied technology of water preparation.  

     4.5.1. It is not permitted presence in water of organisms and a superficial film are distinguishable by naked eye.
4.6. Radiating safety of potable water is defined by its conformity to norms on indicators of the general (-and (-the activity, presented in table 5.

 Table 5

 

     4.6.1. Identification radionuclide presented in water and measurement of their individual concentration are spent at excess of the general activity norms. The estimation of the found out concentration is spent according to ÃÍ 2.6.1.054-96.

4.1. The rate of municipal water

There are 10 138 municipal and 53 506 departmental water supply systems: 1036 municipal and 1275 departmental - with water intake from surface water (supply big cities – 68% of tap water) and other (9102 and 52231, respectively) with water intake from ground water.  (http://www.domwoda.com/main.php?part=tinfo&pp=voda&s_index=3)

Average consumption of water in Russia at whole for a individual is 272 l per day; in Moscow this indicator is 539, Chelyabinsk area - 369, Saratov - 367, in Novosibirsk - 364, Magadan - 359, Kamchatka - 353. At the same time in a number of regions (Kalmykia, Mordovia, Ìàðèé Ýë, Hunts-Mansijsky the district, the Orenburg, Astrakhan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Volgograd, Kurgan, Kemerovo areas) there is deficiency of potable water. (http://www.runtech.ru/Pure_water_rubric/Articles_water)

Some information on centralized water supply and sewage treatment according to Federal service of the state statistics (http://www.i-stroy.ru/docu/zakonoproektyi/kontseptsiya_federalnoy_tselevoy_programmyi/15190.html):

Centralized water supply coverage:

  • 73 % of Russia population are covered by services of centralized water supply
  • 30 % of rural settlements have waterpipes.

Sewage treatment:

  • 60 % of sewage treatment facilities are overloaded and 38 % are operated 25-30 years and more and demand urgent reconstruction
  • 10,5 % of sewage does not passed through treatment facilities
  • From the sewage, passing treatment, less than half (46 %) is conformed to standard requirements
  • Now deficiency of capacities of sewage treatment is about 9 million cubic meters a day;

The status of water supply and drainage systems, especially in small cities and rural settlements, are characterized by:

  • high level of deterioration of objects and water supply and water removal constructions and their technological backwardness; in countryside index of using of sewage treatment facilities is 28 %
  • inefficiency use of natural resources and losses of water, thermal and electric energy in the course of manufacture and transportation of resources to consumers; 30% of water supply systems requires replacement. In 2007 it was replaced only 1,6 % of the whole networks
  • low system effectiveness of management in this sector of economy, prevalence of administrative methods of managing over marketable.

To show which areas are covered by municipal water we present the level of amenities (municipal water, sewerage, central heating, domestic gas) of RF population on two next maps. Names of Russia regions see on the map under this link http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Russian-regions.png  

 

5.1. The penetration of water softener/purifier market

According to the VTSIOM (Russia centre of studying of public opinion) research in Moscow (1200 respondents living in Moscow no less than three years, with of quotas on a gender and age) and 46 regions (1600 respondents in 153 settlements in 46 areas, krayes and republics of Russia), November – December 2007 http://regnum.ru/news/946368.html:
Russia. Behavior: 
The overwhelming majority of Russians (82 %) more frequent drink tap water as potable water:
     • 35 % of Russians drink boiled tap water;
     • 32 % of Russians drink tap water from under the tap (without any treatment);
     • 15 % of Russians drink tap water purified by the household filter. 
12 % Russians prefer use as drink water from natural sources (a spring, a source, an artesian chink). 
3 % Russians - prefer bottled water.
Leaders in using of tap water are inhabitants of Siberian (47 %), Privolzhsky (43 %) and Southern (39 %) federal regions. The least share of population using tap water as drinking water, in Northwest federal region (16 %).
Russia. Awareness: 
27 % of Russians do not know and 21 % - are not interest in technologies of treatment water in their city. 
19 % of Russians nothing about a process of purifying and treatment water, but would wish to learn about that. 
28 % of Russians know something on water treatment.
Moscow. Behavior:
Moscow (differs from the rest regions oà Russia in water supply): 
87% of Muscovites mainly use tap water in their homes:
     • 40% of them use preliminary purified water by household filter. 
     • 35% - use boiled water
     • 12% - drink tap water from under the tap (without any treatment); 
12% of Muscovites use bottled water. 
1% of Muscovites use water from natural sources
Moscow. Awareness: 
37 % of Russians do not know and 19 % - are not interest in technologies of treatment water in their city. 
12 % of Russians nothing about a process of purifying and treatment water, but would wish to learn about that. 
31 % of Russians are informed about technologies of treatment water in their region.

6.1. The place of water softener/purifier installation in a house

In cities
Municipal services perform the most part of job to conform it to requirements of sanitary rules and norms. The decision about additional water treatment for the city apartment is enough simple technically and realizable easily.

Picture 1. Softener/purifier is installed for co-operative using of several apartments tenants or house at whole http://www.aquasystems.md/readarticle.php?id=53,  http://www.superfilter.ru/index.php?Page=Flat1  
     In old houses the tenants apply to the operating company for installing the softener/purifier  http://www.superfilter.ru/index.php?%20Page=townhouse  
     In new (especially elite) houses - the builder provides multistage water treating http://www.filirealty.ru/pok5.html.

Picture 2. Some people use additional purifying/softening systems
     1. Some of them use purifying and softening if necessary) for a part of tap water aimed for drinking and cooking. For this purpose they use the system of filters with the cocks cut in near a rinse basin or demountable nozzles on the tap. http://c-o-k.ru/showtext/?from=cokmarketonline&id=764  
     2. Anthers use additional purifying of all water stream incoming to apartment and for that cut in treatment facilities in front of the tape blocked of the stream of water to apartment http://www.aquasystems.md/readarticle.php?id=53,  http://www.superfilter.ru/index.php?Page=Reshenie1  

 

In a countryside

Picture 3. In cottage settlements which receive water on the main water pipe or from the centralized system of water filtration, from an artesian chink or a water basin, the owners make decision about the necessity of additional treatment (including softening/mineralization) depending of the results of water analysis, which have been carried out by the independent certificated laboratory.
The system of additional treatment (softening/mineralization) water is used for treatment of all water stream arriving in house. (similar to the variant presented on Picture 1) http://www.poselki.ru/catalog/lot/764/, http://www.my-homes.ru/realty/i4150/,  http://www.my-homes.ru/realty/i22018/.

Picture 4. If in settlement with receiving water from an artesian chink or a water basin the centralized treatment water system is absent, and owners of cottages use devices for water treating independently (similar variants presented on Picture 2) http://www.truewater.ru/page.ehtml/Dir2. 

 

6.2. Kinds of household softener/purifier  http://chistaya-voda.info/home_clear/tipi_filtrov/

Jug -filters for the water (independent of the water pipe)
http://bt.icatalog.ru/cat/bytovaja_tehnika/dlja_kuhni/filtry_dlja_ochistki_vody/_brita; http://keosan.com.ru/

The work principle: by gravity water passes through filtering module. Filtering cartridges are issued with various properties - for soft water, for hard water and bactericidal. Jugs differ in volume of contained water - from 1 to 3 liters. Usually, time of a filtration of 1 liter of water makes 3-4 minutes.
A part of filters for water Keosan components clear water of pollution and bacteria, mineralizate and biologically activate it

 

Filters nozzles on the tap
 Filters-nozzles on the tap are installed directly on the tap when it is be necessary to purify water. The replaceable filter-element should be changed in a month-one and a half.

Productivity is insignificant - about a glass of pure water for a minute.

 

 

The filters attached to the crane
 The filters attached to the crane by flexible hoses. It is possible to put the filtering device on rinse basin, near to a sink or are suspended on a wall - depending on a design.

As the quantity of a filtering material in them is much more, than in nozzles on the tap or filters-jugs, they allow to filter water faster and have a much bigger resource.

  

Stationary filters
 Such filters have a big resource (from 1000 to 10 000 liters) and the highest speed of a filtration (1,5-6 liters per minute). They consist of several cases (a water purification steps) with different filtering properties: in the first filter water is purified from mechanical impurity, in the second - from chlorine and some other substances dissolved in water, in the third - water is softened after removal of salts. Such filter can be equipped by an additional step of water treating - the return osmoses. It is connected directly to a water pipe under a sink and has separate tap for potable water.

 
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